March Madness USA

These 1,006 schools are divided into three categories and must follow rules specific to their division.

Here are some of the factors that the NCAA uses to delineate between the three divisions.

Division I - These schools must sponsor at least seven sports each for men and women, or six for men and eight for women, with two team sports for each gender. Men’s and women’s basketball teams must play all but two of their games against Division I teams, and men must play a third of their contests in their designated home arena. Schools have a minimum and maximum number of scholarships they can award. Of the three divisions, Division I is the most prominent and receives the most publicity.

Division II - These schools must sponsor at least four sports each for men and women, with two team sports for each gender. Men and women’s basketball teams must play at least half of their games against Division I or Division II schools. There are no minimum home game requirements for this division.

Division III - These schools must sponsor at least five sports each for men and women, with two team sports for each gender. Unlike Divisions I and II, Division III schools do not offer athletic scholarships.

One of the NCAA’s duties is to organize the annual basketball tournament for men’s and women’s college basketball of each division. Each tournament is based on a single-elimination format.

Since the Division I tournament is the most prominent, and the format for all of the tournaments is the same, the rest of this article focuses on the Division I tournament. In the next section, you will learn more about the tournament format.

The term March Madness, today, is synonymous with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, but the nickname was first used to describe another basketball tournament — the annual Illinois High School Association tournament. Henry V. Porter is credited with coining the phrase in his 1939 article for the Illinois Interscholastic magazine, “March Madness.”

March Madness was not used to describe the NCAA Basketball tournament until 1982, when Brent Musburger, a CBS reporter, used the term during the telecast of a tournament game. College basketball fans and the media have been using the term ever since.

Today, after a court battle over the ownership of the term, March Madness is co-owned by the NCAA and IHSA through the March Madness Athletic Association.

There are 327 teams in Division I college basketball, and each one begins every basketball season with one dream — winning the national championship. But before these teams can win the championship, they must make the field of teams that are invited to the tournament. Sixty-five men’s teams and 64 women’s teams are granted invitations.

Teams for both the men’s and women’s tournament are chosen by a selection committee, which is comprised of select university athletic directors and conference commissioners. Each tournament has its own committee. The selection committee meets between the Thursday and Sunday prior to the date selected for the tournament’s first game. Its job is to filter out the teams deserving of an invitation. The decisions are announced on television during Selection Sunday.

There are 31 teams that get an automatic invite to the tournament, which is their reward for winning their respective conferences. Thirty of these teams win their tournament through conference tournaments. The Ivy League does not hold a tournament.

The remaining invites, 34 for men and 33 for women, are left in the hands of the selection committee. Of the teams left in the pool, there are certain teams that are assured a spot in the tournament, teams that don’t make the cut, and then there is a third group of teams, called “bubble” teams, that could go either way.

The committee is sequestered in a hotel during the selection process, not unlike a jury for an important court case. This committee must weigh the evidence provided to them though certain criteria. During the selection process, each member must submit a list of teams that should, without a doubt, be in the tournament. This list cannot include the school that the member represents. If eight members put a team on their list, that team is put into the field of tournament teams.

Here are some of the criteria used by the selection committees:

• Rating Percentage Index (RPI)
• Ranking in national polls
• Conference record
• Road record
• Wins versus ranked opponents
• How a team finishes the regular season

There are 31 teams that get an automatic invite to the tournament, which is their reward for winning their respective conferences. Thirty of these teams win their tournament through conference tournaments. The Ivy League does not hold a tournament.

The remaining invites, 34 for men and 33 for women, are left in the hands of the selection committee. Of the teams left in the pool, there are certain teams that are assured a spot in the tournament, teams that don’t make the cut, and then there is a third group of teams, called “bubble” teams, that could go either way.

Talking about the NCAA basketball tournament can sometimes sound like a conversation about gardening. Like gardens, the tournament includes pods and seeds. Seeds refer to the placement of a team in one of four regions, and pods refer to the method of grouping seeds at particular first-round and second-round sites. The same committee that selects teams for the tournament also decides how teams are seeded and where they play.

As you learned earlier, the field of 64 teams is divided into four geographical regions. Each region has teams that are assigned a seed number of 1 through 16, with the best team in the region awarded the 1 seed. One region of the men’s tournament actually includes 17 teams, with the two lowest-ranked teams playing an opening-round game to gain the No. 16 seed in that region.

Traditionally, the highest seeds (1 through 8 have enjoyed more success than the lower seeds (9 through 16). The lower seeds represent potential “Cinderellas” of the tournament. A Cinderella team is a team that unexpectedly achieves success in the tournament. Traditionally, Cinderella’s chariot turns back into a pumpkin before getting to the Final Four.

After the committee assigns seeds, it assigns the top four teams in each region to a first/second round site that is most geographically compatible to those teams, regardless of where the team might play in subsequent rounds. For example, a team from an eastern state that is seeded second in the West region might play its first- and second-round games at a site in the eastern part of the country and then play in the West Regional. A Regional is a tournament within a tournament. The champion of each regional comprises the Final Four.

There are eight sites for the first/second rounds. Teams are placed at these sites in groups of four, which comprises a pod, and there are two pods at each site. For each region, there are four pods.

• One pod includes seeds 1, 16, 8, and 9.
• A second pod includes seeds 4, 13, 5, 12.
• The third pod includes seeds 2, 15, 7, 10.
• The fourth pod includes seeds 3, 14, 6, and 11.

Each week, teams play at a different site. The Final Four is played at a new venue each year, but is usually played in a major metropolitan area.

While it sounds complicated, the NCAA tournament is actually pretty simple. The tournament keeps subtracting teams until there is only one. That team is the champion of college basketball.

Seedy Facts

• A No. 16 seed has never won a tournament game.
• A No. 8 seed is the highest seed to win a national championship (Villanova, 1985).
• A No. 11 seed is the highest seed to advance to the Final Four (LSU, 1986).
• No. 1 seeds represent 13 of the 26 national champions between 1979 and 2004.
• The only year that at least one No. 1 seed didn’t advance to the Final Four was 1980.

The NCAA tournament is played over a period of three weeks, usually beginning on the third Thursday in March. After the sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth teams of the men’s tournament play in an opening round, the real tournament begins. In the women’s tournament, there is no sixty-fifth team so there is no “opening round.”

Over the first two full days of the tournament, the field of 64 teams is pared to 32. In the next two days, the field is trimmed to 16 — the Sweet 16, as it is often called. These final 16 teams take a four-day break before resuming play on the next Thursday. During the second week of the tournament, the field is trimmed from 16 to four. These teams comprise the tournament’s Final Four.

Each week, teams play at a different site. The Final Four is played at a new venue each year, but is usually played in a major metropolitan area.

While it sounds complicated, the NCAA tournament is actually pretty simple. The tournament keeps subtracting teams until there is only one. That team is the champion of college basketball.

A single governing body, known as the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), is charged with overseeing the 1,200 voluntary college and university members that comprise the association.

Volunteers from the association’s member schools manage the organization and make rules to ensure fairness among all intercollegiate athletics.

Among the 1,200 colleges and universities that make up the NCAA, only 1,006 are considered active members. According to the NCAA:

an active member is a four-year college or university or a two-year, upper-level collegiate institution that has been accredited by the appropriate regional accrediting agency and duly elected to active membership under the provisions of the Association bylaws.

Active members are allowed to compete in tournaments and other championship events.

March Madness is a phenomenon that grips the national sports psyche from the first week of March through the first week of April.